A Samples	B Samples	C Samples	D Samples
Length	Longest samples, with each being over one page. A-x is 684 words. A-y is 457 words.	The third lengthiest samples. B-x is 329 words. B-y is 256 words.	The second lengthiest samples. C-x is 427 words. C-y is 368 words.	The shortest samples. D-x is 256 words. D-y is 172 words.
Issue	The most traditional issue statements.[^tn1]	The issue statements repeat the partner’s questions.	The issue statements repeat the partner’s questions.	Each sample directly begins with the analysis.
Conclusion	Include headings for “answer,” followed by conclusions with the most detailed reasoning.	The initial answers are more conclusory than the A samples.	The initial answers are more conclusory than the A samples.	Neither sample provides an upfront conclusion but waits until the end of the e-memo to answer the research question.
Back-ground law	The most detailed explanations of law. Sample A-x provides case illustrations; Sample A-y provides a block quote of the pertinent statutory language.	The analyses give a brief summary of the law. Sample B-x provides statements about the legal require-ments for a pet to be a service animal followed by a citation to two cases and a one-sentence case example illustrating when the condition was met.	The analyses are less detailed than the A samples but more comprehen-sive than the B samples. Sample C-x provides statements about the legal require-ments for a pet to be a service animal and four explanatory paren-theticals to summarize precedent.	The analyses provide succinct (but accurate) statements of the law.
Application	Both samples apply law to facts with specificity. Sample A-x directly references how the facts are similar and different from the case illustrations.	The samples apply the most pertinent facts to the law and quickly explain the author’s reasoning. They do not incorporate case names into their analyses and are not as explicit in their analyses as the A samples.	The samples match the B samples’ applications, with Sample C-y providing a bit more explanation than B-y.	The samples match the B samples’ applications.
Citations	The samples use formal citations after each sentence needing support.	Both samples use formal citations, but not after each sentence needing support; neither sample uses id. citations.	The samples use formal citations after each sentence needing support.	These samples do not use formal citations. While Sample D-y references the operative statutes, Sample D-x does not provide citations to case law. Rather, Sample D-x lists the relied upon cases at the very end of the e-memo.
Scholarly support	As these samples most closely mirror a traditional memo, they moderately reflect the advice of Davis.[^tn2]	The analyses of these samples most closely resemble the primary sample from Oates and Enquist’s book[^tn3] and the sample from the text of Soper, Lockwood, Clary, and Lysaght.[^tn4]	These samples most closely follow the samples of Tiscione,[^tn5] Calleros and Holst,[^tn6] and Coughlin, Malmud, and Patrick.[^tn7]	The analyses and lack of citations most closely resemble the sample from Schiess’s text[^tn8] and the second sample from Shapo, Walters, and Fajans’ text.[^tn9] Having the conclusions, which are “bad” for the client in these samples, at the end models the advice of Oates and Enquist[^tn10] and samples from Shapo, Walters, and Fajans’ text.[^tn11]